Tobyn Pilot took a few crunchy footsteps through the rough red dirt near the edge of a towering cliff. Pilot, an operator at the water plant in Page, Arizona, pulled out a hefty collection of keys and unlocked a tiny plywood-paneled shed just a few feet from the brink. The building is barely bigger than an outhouse, but it鈥檚 a pivotal part of keeping the taps flowing.
鈥淭he town鈥檚 water comes right through this shack,鈥� Pilot said, revealing a small setup of pumps behind the creaking shed door. 鈥淚sn鈥檛 that crazy to think?鈥�
Hundreds of feet below, the Colorado River calmly chugged along. It鈥檚 here, on the dusty precipice, that water from that river is redirected into the Page鈥檚 city pipes.
As the once-mighty Colorado dries up at the hands of a changing climate, communities that rely on it are starting to feel the pinch. Many large cities in the Southwest are well-positioned to weather the growing crisis, but some smaller ones have a perilous front row seat as the shrinking river threatens to cut off their water supply completely. Page is one of them.
Pilot pointed down towards Glen Canyon Dam, a 700-foot-tall concrete behemoth that looms large in the background.
鈥淭here's a pipeline that鈥檚 bored through the cliff of Glen Canyon,鈥� Pilot said. 鈥淚t comes to the edge, just past us here, and goes straight up into another pipeline that goes up to our water plant.鈥�
That pipe brings water up from the river hundreds of feet below, and carries it to the taps in homes, hotels and restaurants in this tourist town. But the system is under threat.
Page pulls its water from Lake Powell, the nation鈥檚 second-largest reservoir. It鈥檚 held back by the behemoth Glen Canyon Dam. Inside the dam, a pipe siphons water to Page as it passes from the reservoir to the river on the other side. Drought and steady demand have drained the reservoir to historic lows, putting Page鈥檚 drinking water system in jeopardy.
Bryan Hill, general manager of Page Utility Enterprises 鈥� the city鈥檚 water and electric provider 鈥� is tasked with keeping taps flowing in the cliffside community. He grapples with the historic missteps, both recent and decades-old, that make his job a tough one.
鈥淭hey never anticipated the lake actually dropping down to a level where Page was going to struggle to get water,鈥� he said. 鈥淭hat just simply wasn't anticipated. That's why we're scrambling to make a design mod down there now.鈥�
Hill is referring to an ongoing rework of the pipes inside the dam. If the reservoir drops below Page鈥檚 current intake, water would flow through a set of backup pipes known as the 鈥渞iver outlet works.鈥� Originally designed as a channel for extra water during high-flow times, those tubes, which are lower than the existing pass-through, could soon be the only way for water to make it through the dam. Without a fix, Lake Powell could have dropped low enough to cut off Page鈥檚 drinking water supply completely.
Inside the dam this fall, a team of welders has been working to put together new pipes that would connect Page to those river outlet tubes, making sure water still flows to the town even if the reservoir drops to an extremely low level. The new pipes will also help supply water to the neighboring Navajo Nation Chapter of LeChee.
This is shaping up to be a relatively easy fix. The modifications only cost between $60,000 and $80,000, according to Hill. It鈥檚 slated to be finished in December.
鈥淲e鈥檙e proud of the Reclamation staff at the Glen Canyon Field Division for coming up with this cost efficient, relatively effortless solution,鈥� said Bob Martin, Reclamation鈥檚 deputy power manager at the dam. 鈥淎nd it鈥檚 a positive step forward in maintaining the dependability of the area鈥檚 water supply during this time of increased risk.鈥�
But a much bigger addition may be needed to give Page lasting peace of mind when it comes to water supply.
A second straw
Page鈥檚 Bryan Hill already knows what鈥檚 next on the to-do list 鈥� add redundancy. A lengthy 2004 report called for the construction of a 鈥渟econd straw,鈥� another pipe upstream of the dam that would carry Colorado River water through hundreds of feet of rock and keep water flowing to the town should anything happen to the current intake within the dam.
But that would be an expensive project. The report, which was authored near the beginning of the two-decade-long megadrought that has thrust the Colorado River basin into a supply-demand crisis, put a $46 million price tag on that second straw. That鈥檚 an amount that Page won鈥檛 be able to scrape together through rate hikes, Hill said.
鈥淵ou're not going to get that kind of money out of 3,500 water customers,鈥� he said. 鈥淭hat's just not going to happen. People would just leave. The water would be so expensive, just to pay for the infrastructure.鈥�
Hill thinks the federal government should be on the hook for that project.
Page is only on the map because of the dam and adjacent reservoir. The town was originally propped up in the late 1950s to house construction workers building and operating the dam. Now, it鈥檚 a base camp for many of the 2 million annual visitors who come to the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area to boat around Lake Powell and camp on its shores.
The dam was built 鈥� and is still operated 鈥� by the Bureau of Reclamation, the same agency which published the report recommending a second straw.
鈥淚n the mid-seventies,鈥� Hill said, 鈥淸Reclamation] essentially said, 鈥榊ou know what, we really don't want to run this town anymore. We want to run the dam, but we don't want to run out of town,鈥� and flipped the keys to the kids and said, 鈥楪ood luck.鈥欌€�
Page has made requests to the federal government for funding help, but has not yet received it. This autumn, water managers and utilities departments around the arid Southwest got a glimmer of hope that their projects might get a financial boost when $4 billion from the federal Inflation Reduction Act was designated for drought mitigation work in the Colorado River basin. In the months since that announcement, Reclamation has set aside some of that money to pay farmers to conserve water, but also hinted that some will be used to upgrade outdated water infrastructure.
For their part, Reclamation officials say they are still committed to work with Page and the Navajo Nation to offer assistance where appropriate.
鈥淭he city asked about Inflation Reduction Act funding and we explained that we are still early in the process and the plans for administering the IRA funding,鈥� said Brandi Rose Worthington, a program support specialist with Reclamation. 鈥淭here is not another meeting currently scheduled with the city to discuss funding, but we expect they鈥檒l follow up with us.鈥�
Hill argues that Page鈥檚 new $46 million straw would only use up a 鈥渢himble鈥� of that $4 billion, and that Reclamation has a moral obligation to chip in.
鈥淲ithout the federal government willing [Page] to be here, it wouldn't be here,鈥� he said. 鈥淎nd unless the federal government continues to will it to be here, it won't be here in the future.鈥�
A tale of two city sizes
Page鈥檚 proximity to the river is an integral part of its identity. The city鈥檚 residents are far closer in proximity to the river than many of the more than 40 million people who rely on its water 鈥� a group that stretches from Wyoming to Mexico. They have a front row seat to the river, and a front row seat to the challenges that come with sole dependence on it.
Kathryn Sorensen, director of research at Arizona State University鈥檚 Kyl Center for Water Policy, says Page鈥檚 situation is a cautionary tale for small towns and big cities around the Southwest.
鈥淐limate change means that the flows of the Colorado River will continue to diminish,鈥� she said. 鈥淪o for those communities that are dependent on the Colorado River, they need to be looking around at their infrastructure, their alternative supplies, and developing means to be able to continue safe, reliable deliveries at the tap.鈥�
Sorensen is the former director of Phoenix鈥檚 water department, a city that gets about 40% of its water directly from the Colorado River.
Cities across the Colorado River basin have had to work harder to stretch a finite supply of water. Las Vegas, Denver and Los Angeles are among those that have been forced to invest in new water supplies or incentivize water customers to limit their demands.
Meanwhile, supplies have only gone down. A warming climate has supercharged drought where it matters most 鈥� the high-altitude snowfields that account for the majority of the river鈥檚 water. About 60% of the water in the Colorado River starts as snowmelt in the state of Colorado, and a raft of environmental indicators show the state鈥檚 dry conditions are bad and getting worse, making that snow less reliable.
Agriculture accounts for 75% to 80% of water use in the Colorado River basin, meaning that farmers, ranchers, and growing cities are all competing to hold on to their slices of a quickly-shrinking pie. River sharing is governed by a century-old document that water managers have been reluctant to amend. That has left the seven states that use the river in a high-stakes standoff, with growers and cities left to wait and see if their allocations will shrink as a result of negotiations playing out among the states and the federal government.
At the same time, Sorensen said the Southwest鈥檚 urban and suburban areas have to come to terms with another challenge. Many of the region鈥檚 cities are 鈥渕iddle-aged, at best鈥� and need to start paying for repairs to aging pipes and canals.
鈥淭here are very few communities, if any, who have really kept up with the necessary investment in aging infrastructure,鈥� Sorensen said. 鈥淪o I think you're going to see pressures from both sides, and I think that that might be really humbling for some of our communities.鈥�
Those fixes and additions of redundancy are expensive, which has forced some areas to roll the dice and forgo them. Sorensen said one-time federal bailouts won鈥檛 be enough to avert trouble, and cities will need to rally funds from within.
鈥淓lected officials often are afraid to raise water rates because they're afraid of reprisal at the next election,鈥� she said. 鈥淏ut it is necessary to increase water rates so that you can keep up with aging infrastructure.鈥�
Cities in the Southwest have not been entirely ignorant to the growing threats to water supplies. Some have pursued aggressive conservation and augmentation measures.
In and around Los Angeles, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California is gearing up for a substantial investment in sewage treatment, that would clean up wastewater to drinkable standards and return it to city pipes.
Las Vegas, perhaps the basin鈥檚 poster child for urban conservation, has rolled out programs to replace water-intensive grassy lawns with artificial turf and native plants. Faced with dropping levels in Lake Mead, the area鈥檚 water provider, the Southern Nevada Water Authority, built its own second straw in 2000, and then a third straw in 2015.
But those agencies are among the region鈥檚 largest and best-funded. While Los Angeles, Las Vegas and other populous cities are making headlines with forward-thinking projects to protect their water supplies against climate change, many smaller communities, like Page, often lack the money and staff to do the same.
鈥淭hey just don't have the kind of technical resources,鈥� said Ellen Hanak, director of the Water Policy Center at the Public Policy Institute of California. 鈥淭his is where being big means you've got some scale economies, and you can have a good-sized team to help you do your analysis and figure out what kind of investments you need to make. In the case of smaller ones, they just don't have that. They also don't have the scale economies from a financing standpoint either.鈥�
Hanak said a long drought in the late 1980s and early 1990s served as a wakeup call for some cities, which invested in managing their demand and stretching existing water supplies with more efficient appliances and campaigns to encourage cutting back on water use in homes.
Cities are quick to flaunt the strides they鈥檝e made in keeping taps flowing as populations boom. Some municipal water managers have made promises that they will continue to reduce per capita use, at the same time being candid about the fact that water conservation in cities can only make a small dent in the larger picture of the basin.
Hanak says redundancy in water supply should be near the top of the list for cities looking to steel their infrastructure against climate change. Page鈥檚 need for a second means of getting water is not unique, and cities that were once able to draw from an extraordinarily reliable, abundant water source are often the ones that need to scramble the fastest as temperatures rise and dry conditions persist.
This story is part of ongoing coverage of the Colorado River, produced by KUNC in Colorado and supported by the Walton Family Foundation. KUNC is solely responsible for its editorial coverage.
