This article was produced as a project for the USC Annenberg 2019 Data Fellowship.
At a hearing last weekend about a Colorado bill on vaccination, Dr. Reginald Washington had originally planned to make several urgent points in support of the bill.
First, that diseases like measles are resurging, and they鈥檙e serious. (He鈥檇 know. He鈥檚 treated patients with complications from measles and pertussis.) Second, due to COVID-19, children well-child visits and skipping vaccinations, putting them at risk of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases.
He didn鈥檛 expect to spend most of his time at the hearing countering misinformation about retracted studies on the impact of vaccination on African American boys, or refuting connections opponents made to the infamous Tuskegee syphilis experiment, a decades-long study in which government researchers withheld treatment from Black men with syphilis.
That is, he said, 鈥淣ot until I found out Kennedy was coming.鈥� That鈥檚 Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., a well known .
Then, said Washington, who is chief medical officer at the Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children and Presbyterian/St. Luke鈥檚 Medical Center, 鈥淢y main goal in testifying was to dispel the racial innuendos that are being presented related to immunizations and particularly in the Black population.鈥�
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. was the first witness to speak against the bill Sunday. As ABC 暗黑爆料 in the fall, Kennedy and other 鈥渁nti-vaccine leaders have their sights focused on a new target: they鈥檙e infiltrating minority groups with existing skepticism of the medical establishment and exploiting the historically fraught relationships those groups have with doctors.鈥�
Studies have repeatedly shown that the majority of parents accept vaccines. But the sliver of people vehemently opposed to vaccination appear to be shifting their focus.
In September, news outlets that anti-vaccine protesters 鈥� most of them white 鈥� were taking on the language of the civil rights movement to promote their cause, even singing 鈥淲e Shall Overcome鈥� at the California Capitol when the state got rid of non-medical exemptions for childhood immunizations there. In October, public health experts were worried when civil rights activist Rev. Al Sharpton on vaccination featuring anti-vaccination activists (in the end, it was canceled). In November, as ABC 暗黑爆料 , Kennedy tried to 鈥渆nlist鈥� the writer Harriet Washington to speak out against vaccines, and 鈥渁ll signs point to an effort to undermine the Black community鈥檚 fragile relationship with doctors.鈥�
This past weekend, as Black Lives Matter protesters took to Denver for the eleventh day in a row, it was evident that anti-vaccine activists鈥� message is resonating in Colorado, too.
鈥淚 don鈥檛 generally align with conservatives, especially in the age of Trump. We have deep disagreements about the direction of the country and what the problems are. But I find myself aligned with them on this one,鈥� said Theo Wilson, an activist and writer who spoke against the bill on Sunday. "There's been a concerted effort to get the message into the African American community."
Senate Bill 163 would change the mechanics of how parents opt out of routine vaccines for their school-aged children. In a state with the kindergarten rate of vaccination against illnesses including measles and chickenpox in the country, the bill would require parents to get a certificate signed by a health professional, or to do a 鈥溾�� about vaccines, as states like . It would also require schools to publish their vaccination and exemption rate and distribute it to parents and students.
At a February hearing about the Colorado bill, Wilson wrote in in the Colorado Sun that he was 鈥渙ne of the few Black faces鈥� present. 鈥淭he other African Americans I saw gave testimonies that supported Senate Bill 163, encouraging the unbroken partyline of Democrat support for the bill.鈥�
Sunday, at least four of the couple dozen people speaking against the bill were Black.
鈥淏lack Americans not lending your voice to this...I am deeply offended,鈥� said Kevin Jenkins, with the Urban Global Health Alliance. 鈥淏lack Americans have a history of being lied to in this country. We have a history of being used as guinea pigs.鈥�
鈥淭here are people out there marching in the streets because of injustice and intolerance,鈥� said Erik Underwood, until recently a candidate for U.S. Senate. 鈥淭his country has a history, especially in regards to people of color. Do you not know about the Tuskegee experiment?鈥�
鈥淏e careful, Democrats, because what you鈥檙e about to do is cause a backlash to your party the likes of which you鈥檝e never seen, especially among people of color,鈥� said Wilson, after identifying himself as a community activist involved in the movement for Black lives.
鈥淢istrust continues in our community,鈥� said Joyce Brooks, with the NAACP Denver chapter, before urging legislators to vote against the bill. 鈥淭he history of pharmaceutical misconduct in relationship to the Black community is well known and clear evidence exists that it鈥檚 still happening today.鈥�
Brooks brought up that concluded the MMR vaccine put African American boys in particular at risk of autism, calling it 鈥渄amning evidence.鈥� But as Dr. Reginald Washington pointed out, the journal the study, just over a month after it came out, saying the author had a conflict of interest and 鈥渢he Editors no longer have confidence in the soundness of the findings.鈥�
There is overwhelming evidence that vaccines are , and that they .
Plus, Washington pointed out, 鈥淭he bill does not take away their right to not immunize their children. The bill simply provides a mechanism whereby those numbers can be tracked.鈥�
鈥淚f someone is exposed to measles in a school setting, public health officials have to quickly decide how vulnerable that population is going to be,鈥� said Washington. 鈥淪hould you isolate the whole class? Should you make them stay home for the incubation period? You can鈥檛 do those kinds of things until you know how many are immunized.鈥�
The narrative around mistrusting how institutions treat Black and brown bodies is a powerful one, especially right now.
鈥淚f you鈥檙e a Black person, look what the establishment has already done to you,鈥� said Washington. But, he said, look at what diseases like measles or pertussis can do to a person.
鈥淚鈥檝e been in medicine for 40 years and it was not uncommon to see measles when I was younger,鈥� said Washington. 鈥淢ost kids do just fine, but some get pneumonia. Some get encephalitis, which is an inflammation of the brain. Some died from encephalitis. Some died from pneumonia鈥鈥檝e seen children who couldn鈥檛 breathe because they were coughing so much. Pertussis is whooping cough. I鈥檝e seen kids expire from that.鈥�
鈥楨mbracing the language of civil rights'
Amelia Jamison is an anthropologist and epidemiologist studying with the Center for Health Equity at the University of Maryland School of Public Health. Lately, she has focused on the anti-vaccine movement on social media.
鈥淲ithin the anti-vaccine movement itself, you'll find that they're embracing the language of civil rights and claiming that vaccination and vaccine freedom is the next civil rights battle, essentially,鈥� said Jamison. 鈥淚 don't publicize this, but I went to their rally at the National Mall in November. They were quoting Martin Luther King, Jr., Nelson Mandela. And if you follow their Twitter accounts right now, they're very active on the subject of race, particularly after the protests. And although I feel like most of the leaders of this movement are white, I do know that there's a specific online profile targeting African Americans.鈥�
Two years ago, Jamison and her colleagues showing that on Twitter, Russian trolls were polarizing the vaccine debate.
鈥淪ubsequent research has revealed that within the Russian trolls, there are different personas that they had created,鈥� said Jamison. 鈥淎nd one of the particular personas that they had created was a Black Lives Matter, African American persona.鈥�
As wrote in the American Journal of Public Health in April, 鈥淓ven if small in magnitude, the intentional Russian spread of antivaccine discourse targeted at specific subpopulations that are susceptible to it (e.g., pro-Trump users and African Americans on Twitter) could be the beginning of a new front in the ongoing informational cyberwar.鈥�
It鈥檚 important not to overemphasize the role of social media trolls, 鈥淏ecause that's just a small piece of what's happening,鈥� Jamison said. 鈥淭he online vaccine environment is very different than what鈥檚 happening in real life. They鈥檙e very vocal and they seem bigger than they really are.鈥�
But, she said, 鈥渃omparing the suffering of people who choose not to vaccinate with the civil rights movement鈥� is a trend that鈥檚 hard to ignore.
鈥淚t is such a potent narrative and it's a powerful dividing point in the United States, as we've seen, so it can be co-opted and it's important to be on the lookout for that kind of behavior,鈥� said Jamison.
Especially during a pandemic, where a vaccine could prove to be the only .
Alvertis Simmons has been a civil rights activist in Colorado since well before many Black Lives Matter protesters were born.
鈥淚鈥檝e done over a thousand marches and protests in this town,鈥� he said. 鈥淭wo weeks ago I did the largest peaceful protest in the state of Colorado. That鈥檚 what the news said.鈥�
鈥淚 deal with legislators, people on the street, activists and common, everyday Black folks,鈥� he continued. 鈥淭his Black Lives Matter stuff 鈥� folks are using this as a tool to get their agenda across because it鈥檚 getting so much publicity.鈥�
He said vaccines just haven鈥檛 come up before.
鈥淲here's the scientific data that vaccines hurt the Black community? I haven't seen any,鈥� he said. 鈥淭he African Americans who spoke at that hearing, did not speak with data and science, they were speaking off emotion.鈥�
Simmons encourages people to get their children vaccinated against measles, polio, all manner of diseases, because no community can afford to go through preventable outbreaks.
鈥淟et me talk about the Black community. It would destroy us,鈥� he said. 鈥淲e already have a hard time with getting decent, adequate medical help.鈥�
But when it comes to adult immunization, it鈥檚 another story. The COVID-19 vaccine, for example?
鈥淚鈥檓 not taking it,鈥� said Simmons. 鈥淏ecause I don鈥檛 trust white America.鈥�
He is not alone.
'The twin harms of racism amidst a pandemic'
Jonathan Jackson, a neuroscientist who directs at Massachusetts General Hospital dedicated to diversifying clinical trials, said it鈥檚 an especially important moment to bring communities of color into the conversation around vaccines.
鈥淲e鈥檙e going to have a really rude awakening when a vaccine is available and we can map very clearly who鈥檚 taking it and who鈥檚 not,鈥� said Jackson. 鈥淲e do need to do a better job of creating empowerment and building trust and building literacy. And until we do that, this is a community that will absolutely not be participating in any kind of vaccination related to COVID-19.鈥�
During a presentation for his local NAACP chapter in Massachusetts, Jackson surveyed the attendees. When a vaccine is available for COVID-19, will you be taking it? 鈥淓verybody said no,鈥� said Jackson.
A that came out in June from the Pew Research Center found that Black Americans were least likely to want to get a future COVID-19 vaccine. Almost half of Black adults surveyed said they wouldn鈥檛 take it, compared to about a quarter each among Hispanic and white.
鈥淚t鈥檚 disheartening but not surprising, because so many of those harms are completely true and valid,鈥� said Jackson. 鈥淭his is the system that has failed to look out for them for hundreds of years and has in fact put them directly in harm鈥檚 way. Why wouldn鈥檛 that system do the same thing this time?鈥�
As a researcher studying health disparities that affect Black populations, Jackson said lately he鈥檚 been spending most of his days fighting 鈥渢he twin harms of racism amidst a pandemic.鈥�
As his research center鈥檚 account has outlined at length, the Tuskegee study is just one of many examples of the medical system mistreating Americans of color.
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the study 鈥渂ecame unethical鈥� about a decade in, when was discovered and withheld from study participants. In addition to hundreds of men suffering from treatable syphilis, the study resulted in a number of their wives contracting the disease, in addition to some of their children 鈥� 11 of whom are still alive today, to the CDC.
However, Jackson said, the full legacy of Tuskegee does not end there.
鈥淭he major consequence of the Tuskegee syphilis study was something called the Belmont Commission, which produced the Belmont Report,鈥� Jackson said. 鈥淭he Belmont Report contains the absolute foundations of human subjects research in the United States.鈥�
The , which Jackson calls 鈥渢he Rosetta Stone鈥� of research ethics, says that 鈥渧ulnerable subjects,鈥� including racial minorities 鈥渟hould be protected against the danger of being involved in research solely for administrative convenience, or because they are easy to manipulate as a result of their illness or socioeconomic condition.鈥�
But there鈥檚 a fine line between protecting vulnerable populations and excluding them from medical research.
鈥淎fter 1979, we fundamentally excluded Black communities from research, unless we had a specific research question that involved Black people,鈥� said Jackson. 鈥淎t the same time, health disparities as a function of race really started to ramp up. And part of that 鈥� not all of it, but part of it 鈥� is because we started testing, refining and optimizing, vaccines, drugs, treatments on relatively affluent white populations.鈥�
In other words, he said, treatments were optimized for white patients.
鈥淪o it's not that Black people's health got worse,鈥� Jackson adds. 鈥淏ut white people's health got a lot better, a lot faster.鈥�
Now, the same harm of exclusion remains.
鈥淭he harms are not what we saw with Tuskegee, where Black people like me are being exploited. The harms are that we are being neglected entirely,鈥� said Jackson. 鈥淪o, we're being left out of the process and that is not well understood by either the Black community or the research community.鈥�
Indeed, exclusion was one of the refrains among Black speakers at Colorado鈥檚 immunization bill hearing Sunday 鈥� that they hadn鈥檛 been consulted during the bill鈥檚 creation.
鈥淚鈥檓 very saddened that no one came to us when this bill was started,鈥� Joyce Brooks with the Denver NAACP told legislators.
鈥淲e have not been a part of this conversation,鈥� said Kevin Jenkins, with the Urban Global Health Alliance.
Alvertis Simmons also wished he鈥檇 been consulted. 鈥淎bsolutely,鈥� he said.
Jarrett Freedman, communications director for Colorado House Democrats, pointed out that a number of representatives are leaders in the Black community 鈥渁nd they have been on board and supportive of this bill for a long time.鈥�
That includes Rep. Leslie Herod, who chairs the Black Democratic Legislative Caucus, and Rep. Janet Buckner, who said in a statement, 鈥淚 am proud of this bill. As a member of the Black Caucus, I deplore any characterizations of this modest public health measure as anti-Black, and I completely repudiate those who have used this issue to sow discord and distrust in the Black community.鈥�
Despite the opponents鈥� passion, Sunday the bill cleared another legislative milestone, passing a House committee with seven Yes鈥檚, three No鈥檚 and one 鈥淗ell, No.鈥� By Wednesday it made it through the House. There are now two days left before the legislative session ends. In order to pass, Senate Bill 163 would just need to jump through : back to the Senate for a final test.
鈥淚 see vaccines as a Black Lives Matters issue,鈥� said Theo Wilson. But he said, a diverse group of Black Lives Matter protesters were marching down the street 鈥渞ight next to us鈥� on Sunday. Among the of immunization protesters, he said, 鈥淚 could still count the Black people on one hand, it seems.鈥�
This story was produced by the Mountain West 暗黑爆料 Bureau, a collaboration between Wyoming Public Media, Boise State Public Radio in Idaho, KUNR in Nevada, the O鈥機onnor Center for the Rocky Mountain West in Montana, KUNC in Colorado, KUNM in New Mexico and support from affiliate stations across the region. Funding for the Mountain West 暗黑爆料 Bureau is provided in part by the .
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